Aturan penulisan untuk –ing dan –ed

A. Jika kata kerja (verb) aslinya diakhiri dengan dua konsonan, maka tinggal tambahkan –ing atau –ed saja.
Contoh :
help helping helped
learn learning learned

B. Jika kata kerja diakhiri dengan dua vocal + satu konsonan, maka tinggal tambahkan –ing atau –ed saja.
Contoh :
rain raining rained
heat heating heated

C. Jika kata kerja berupa satu suku kata dan diakhiri dengan satu vocal + satu konsonan, maka gandakan konsonan terakhir untuk penambahan –ing dan –ed.
Contoh :
stop stopping stopped
plan planning planned

D. Jika kata kerja berupa dua suku kata dengan penekanan pada suku kata pertama, maka tinggal tambahkan –ing atau –ed saja.
Contoh :
visit visiting visited
offer offering offered

E. Jika kata kerja berupa dua suku kata dengan penekanan pada suku kata kedua, maka gandakan konsonan terakhir untuk penambahan –ing dan –ed.
Contoh :
prefer preferring preferred
admit admitting admitted

F. Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran –e, maka hilangkan –e untuk penambahan –ing, dan tambahkan –d saja untuk penambahan –ed.
Contoh :
smile smiling smiled
hope hoping hoped

G. Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran satu vocal + y, maka tinggal tambahkan –ing atau –ed saja.
Contoh :
play playing played
enjoy enjoying enjoyed

H. Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran satu konsonan + y, maka tinggal tambahkan –ing saja, atau ubah akhiran –y menjadi –i untuk penambahan –ed.
Contoh :
worry worrying worried
study studying studied

I. Untuk kata kerja berahiran –ie, maka ubah akhiran –ie menjadi –y untuk penambahan –ing, atau hanya tambahkan –d untuk penambahan –ed.
Contoh :
die dying died
tie tying tied

Daftar kata kerja tak beraturan

Bentuk Asli Simple Past Past Continous
----------------------------------------------
be was, were been
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fit fit
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit (lighted) lit (lighted)
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shoot shot shot
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
strike struck struck
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
upset upset upset
wake woke waked
wear wore worn
win won won
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
write wrote written
----------------------------------------------
Mohon maaf kalau tampilan informasi ini seadanya, karena malas bikin tabelnya. Harap maklum yach... :)

Past Tense

Simple Past
Simple past digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kejadian yang dimulai pada waktu lalu (contoh : kemarin [yesterday], tadi malam [last night], dua hari yang lalu [two days ago], pada tahun 1990 [in 1990] )

Contoh :
Mary walked downtown yesterday.
Bob stayed home yesterday morning.
Our plane arrived on time.

Pada contoh diatas dapat diamati pola-pola kata kerja yang digunakan pada waktu lampau biasanya adalah : kata kerja pertama + ed (V1+ed), namun ada juga kata kerja tak beraturan yang tidak memakai pola seperti diatas.

Contoh pemakaian verba tak beraturan :
I slept for eight hours last night.
I ate breakfast this morning.
Sue took a taxi to the airport.

Bentuk-bentuk Simple Past
Subyek = I-you-we-they-he-she-it
(+) Subyek + V3 + (ket waktu)
Contoh : I worked yesterday.
They ate breakfast.
(-) Subyek + did not + V1 + (ket waktu)
Contoh : She didn’t work yesterday.
We didn’t eat breakfast.
(?) Did + Subyek + V1 + (ket waktu)
Contoh : Did she work yesterday?
Did we eat breakfast?
Jawaban : Yes + Subyek + did
No + Subyek + did not
Contoh : Yes, she did.
No, she did not.

Penggunaan was dan were.

Bentuk-bentuk penggunaan was dan were.
(-) (I-he-she-it) + was not + adj
(-) (you-we-they) + were not + adj
(?) Was + (I-he-she-it) + adj
(?) Were + (you-we-they) + adj
Jawaban : Yes/No, (I-he-she-it) + was / was not
Yes/No, (you-we-they) + were / were not

Contoh :
He was not busy.
You were not busy.
John was here.
Was I right?

Present Tense

Simple Present
Simple present digunakan untuk :
A. Menyatakan kebiasaan/aktivitas sehari-hari. Artinya kemarin, sekarang, besok, setiap hari dia melakukan hal tersebut. Contoh :
Ann takes a shower every day.
I usually eat lunch at the cafetaria.
B. Digunakan untuk pernyataan yang bersifat fakta. Contoh :
Babies cry.
The earth revolves around the sun.
A square has four equal sides.
The sky is blue.

Present Progressive
Present progressive digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung. Kegiatan tersebut sedang dilakukan saat kalimat tersebut diucapkan. Contoh :
Ann can’t come to the phone right now because she is taking shower.
It’s noon. I am eating lunch at the cafetaria right now.
Jimmy and Susie are babies. They are crying. I can hear them right now. Maybe they are hungry.

Bentuk-bentuk simple present
(+) (I-you-we-they) work.
(+) (he-she-it) works.
(-) (I-you-we-they) do not work.
(-) (he-she-it) does not work.
(?) Do (I-you-we-they) work?
Jawaban :
Yes, (I-you-we-they) work.
No, (I-you-we-they) don’t work.
(?) Does (he-she-it) work?
Jawaban :
Yes, (he-she-it) does.
No, (he-she-it) doesn’t.

Bentuk-bentuk present progressive
(+) I am working.
(+) (you-we-they) are working.
(+) (he-she-it) is working.
(-) I am not working.
(-) (you-we-they) are not working.
(-) (he-she-it) is not working.
(?) Am I working?
Jawaban :
Yes, you are working.
No, you are not working.
(?) Are (you-we-they) working?
Jawaban :
Yes, I am working.
No, I am not working.
Yes, (you-they) are working.
No, (you-they) are not working.
(?) Is (he-she-it) working?
Jawaban :
Yes, (he-she-it) is.
No, (he-she-it) is not.